Experts say it helps to be patient when talking with someone who stutters. When that person speaks, listen quietly. Also, it is important for parents of children who stutter to provide an easy home environment. Parents should be supportive of their children and not punish them for stuttering.
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The researchers also reported that oxytocin only affected investors when they working with human trustees. The researchers say the effects of the hormone disappeared when the investors worked with computers as trustees.
Adults who stutter might have a form of stuttering called neurogenic. This means there are signal problems between the brain and the muscles and nerves that control speech.
To make it even trickier, an investor could work with each trustee only once. So an investor had no experience of a trustee before working with him.
About half of all people living with H.I.V. are women. And about half of new infections are in young adults.
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This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Dana Demange, Cynthia Kirk, Nancy Steinbach and Caty Weaver. Cynthia Kirk was our producer. I'm Faith Lapidus.
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The scientists made the discovery with one of the huge telescopes at the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii. Each telescope stands eight levels tall and weighs more than three hundred metric tons.
Ernest Fehr of the University of Zurich led the study. He says increasing trust may be useful for people with social fears and the brain disorder autism.
The scientists told reporters the planet orbits a star called Gliese Eight-Seven-Six. It is fifteen light years away from Earth in the group of stars known as Aquarius. The planet moves around the star once every two days. Gliese Eight-Seven-Six has two larger planets. They are closer in size to Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system.
The scientists said they do not know where the planet came from. But it is as small as can be found with current instruments. They also said improved instruments are planned in the next ten years. And they said the discovery suggests that more Earth-like planets will be found in the future.
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Doctor Carlos del Rio of Emory University in Atlanta, however, suggested that prevention efforts have failed. He says there may be as many as sixty thousand new cases per year. In recent years, the number has been estimated at forty thousand.
Some situations may cause people to stutter. For example, talking in front of a group might cause stuttering. Yet singing or speaking alone might not.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention set a goal in two thousand one to cut the rate of new infections in half. That goal has not been met. But a C.D.C. official, Doctor Ronald Valdiserri, said researchers do think they are making progress.
